Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a flat organizational structure?

A flat organizational structure is designed to minimize the number of layers between upper management and employees. This results in several key characteristics, including fewer levels of management, which facilitates a more direct line of communication between employees and senior leaders.

In this context, increased employee autonomy is a hallmark of flat structures because with fewer management levels, employees often have more responsibility and decision-making power. Moreover, direct communication is encouraged as there are fewer hierarchical barriers, which can lead to improved collaboration and faster decision-making processes.

The characteristic of complex hierarchies is inconsistent with the essence of a flat organization. Instead of creating intricate layers of management that complicate communication and decision-making, flat structures promote simplicity and openness. Therefore, recognizing complex hierarchies as a trait would not align with the principles of a flat organizational model.